The Impacts of Racism Portrayed in Comics - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1425 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/01/31 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Racism Essay Did you like this example? â€Å"Mind your own god damn business, fuckin’ Ni**er!† (Hernandez, 142) says the character Hopey in Jaime Hernandez’s comic The Girl from H.O.P.P.E.R.S. While this sort of language for anyone in today’s society is incredibly looked down upon and should never be said to anyone in any context. Even for this essay, it is uncomfortable to type out this quote because of the history behind this word. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Impacts of Racism Portrayed in Comics" essay for you Create order However, decades ago people used this term freely and commonly without any correction. This sort of racism embeds within our society, and culture and shapes the future for better or worse. The outcome of racism is shown in comics such as Jaime Hernandez’s The Girl from H.O.P.P.E.R.S and graphic novels such Harvey Pekar’s Cleveland where both writers express the impacts racisms had on society and culture through visual and narrative text. Racism whether we like it or not affects everyone, some cultures a lot worse than others and ultimately shapes who we are. An example of this is segregation, where people are separated due mostly due to the color of their skin and/or their race. Segregation begins to create a culture and society that will ultimately define a certain race. An example of this is in the comic The Girl from H.O.P.P.E.R.S. This comic is set in a fake place however, the way this place is drawn, and the characters portrayed shows a lot about the authors culture. The location of the comic is usually set in a suburban area and/or a city. Within this place there is usually always Latinos, African Americans and very rarely white females or males (with the exception of Doyle). Additionally, there were times when the city or suburbs were drawn with graffiti and a bit run down. I believe the author drew this intentionally to represent how Latinos and other races lived in California back in his time. Now, not all L atinos, or African Americans lived together due to segregation, there was a few that were able to live outside of these areas. However, a majority of races are segregated into these types of suburbs and cities. This is an important representation because due to this segregation and this community culture begins to form. There’s a sense of community within these areas as well as close knit relationships between everyone. However, problems also arise when communities begin to fight other communities and basically starting gang wars. When this happens, society then views people within this community as bad and dangerous and thus begins a cycle of people becoming segregated because others don’t want to be in a neighborhood with others that are dangerous and bad. This isn’t always the case and a majority of the time misunderstandings and accidents cause gang wars and this perception. A great example of this is within The Girl from H.O.P.P.E.R.S there is a comic called The Death of Speedy Ortiz. In this comic it portrays a man named Speedy that gets involved with a woman that is dating a man from a rival gang. This leads to many misunderstandings and ultimately violence that leads to someone from Speedy’s community getting shot in the eye. Not only that there is an important panel in this comic where Jamie writes, â€Å"Every night we hear the sirens, the pops†¦ fire crackers? B ox cars coupling at the train station? Are we even certain? Do we even check? No†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Hernandez, 125). This panel shows so much about how things are in communities like this. People end up coming into these suburbs either because that their only option or due to segregation and deal with situations such as gang violence, theft, etc. and all they can do is hope that it doesn’t happen to them. This problem isn’t only seen within one race but within many and will end up classifying the culture of those individuals. Another example of this is seen in the graphic novel Cleveland. When Harvey Pekar describes the history of Cleveland he writes, â€Å"The early part of the 1900s saw efforts made to segregate blacks and keep them out of the suburbs. Some whites were threatened as their population increased, largely due to the increasing industrial jobs available in Cleveland.† (Pekar, 24) Which three panels after writes, â€Å"Blacks did not tolerate their exclusion from larger society, which lead to a great deal of social unrest, and in the 1960s two full scale riots.â⠂¬  (Pekar, 25) This section of the graphic novel does such an amazing job of showing just how bad segregation can be, in just four panels it was able to show the start of segregation and to what end segregation can lead. Racism overall not only affects adults, but it also affects children. People tend to forget that creating a racist environment heavily impacts children. They grow up seeing and hearing racism and either think its ok or they later realize that it isn’t ok and decide to stop it by their actions. Cleveland does a great job of showing how this segregation impacts children. A very important panel in this book that shows the impact of racism is where Harvey is a child seeing other kids on his front porch and his adult self says, â€Å"I used to spend a lot of time on my front porch watching other kids play. They wouldn’t accept me. I believed my mother when she told me what hell black people went through just to survive, but did that mean I had to be ostracized? I guess it did.† (Pekar, 43) This panel really shows the impact of racism not only in the area but on children and the future. Due to segregation and living in an area where others hate your race, children see this impact and begin to take that outlook which again can be either positive (trying to bring people together) or negative (keeping that hate for their whole life and continuing the cycle of racism). It also shows that as an adult was when Harvey truly understood why the kids wouldn’t interact with him. It’s so important that Harvey adds this panel because so many kids are affected by this type of seclusion and end up hating others because of it. Both Cleveland and The Girl from H.O.P.P.E.R.S express how segregation due to racism impacted society back in the writer’s times. Another huge impact to both society and culture is the language. In The Girl from H.O.P.P.E.R.S there are panels where the N word is used as a derogatory word against an African American man out of anger. I believe the purpose of adding this panel to the comic was in order to show how language was used during Jaime’s time. Derogatory language is also shown as graffiti on walls and buildings adding to how Jaime’s surrounding and the racism that was constantly around him was represented in his comic. An example is a panel in The Girl from H.O.P.P.E.R.S where on a building wall you see writing that says white power and split wet backs (154). This language at the time was a regular thing and could be seen everywhere. Impacting lots of people in the process and in a sense telling them that this is who they are and nothing else. Both comics do a great job at portraying the way racism impacted the lives of the writers and how it overall shaped the culture and society around them. It is important that these types of comics be read because it shows a lot about our history from a perspective from people that are normally shut out. Additionally, understanding the history of our past can help with how racism shapes our culture and society today. Knowing how society was decades ago and the impact it made on people can lead us now into a path where we avoid mistakes that lead to events such as rioting and gang wars. Currently, our society has shown improvement on language and what is and isn’t right to say but bigger issues such as segregation in communities are still an issue. Thus, comics such as The Girl from H.O.P.P.E.R.S and Cleveland are a vital necessity in understanding how racism impacts our social and cultural lives.

Benefit of Internet - 985 Words

Benefits of Internet Use | What is good for you? The use of the Internet offers a variety of benefits to everyone who is willing to use it. The enormous amount of information available and the many uses one can have through the internet have made it the most valuable tool in various settings of a person’s life. The Internet has an enormous amount of publications added on it every day and it’s evolving as the most powerful source of information. Also, use of the Internet has made jobs easier and oversimplified tasks that would take an enormous amount of time before. Moreover, the Internet has become a great tool for avoiding the hassles of the bank, offering the chance to make the transactions quickly and safely. It also offers a†¦show more content†¦Almost every company nowadays, needs to have a website that promotes its products and patents that web designers are among the most highly requested professionals needed. Furthermore, consultants, sellers, dealers and all sorts of professionals are needed to promo te and help people over the internet. The training needed is of high education and career opportunities through the web are exquisite. Housewives, mothers and disabled people, can now have a chance to work from their house and earn money that would otherwise be difficult to obtain.THE TREASURE BANK The biggest benefit of the internet can be found in the educational sector. Educators can obtain learning material from it, prepare courses online and deliver audio/visual information to students. For instructors it is a valuable source for referencing material and enhancing the knowledge of their students. The Internet provides a great place for conferencing and collaborating with students from all over the world. Students can search for information regarding their school courses via electronic libraries who offer a great variety of journals and scientific articles. The resources available over the net cover almost every aspect of the school curriculum and students have a valuable machine for enhancing their knowledge and expanding their assigned work.SO CLOSE†¦YET SO FAR AWAY! One of the most important benefitsShow MoreRelatedThe Benefits Of The Internet999 Words   |  4 Pages The Internet is one of the principle foundations through which the data age can turn into a reality. Be that as it may, as far as advancement, whether this strengthens the norm or enhances social prosperity and value is still an argumentative subject. When all is said in done, the Internet is still utilized fundamentally for data presentation and recovery, in spite of the fact that it seems to have significant potential in multi-partner circumstances to augment data sharing, learning and systemsRead MoreThe Internet : The Benefit Of The Internet1653 Words   |  7 PagesYou ever wondered what if your internet searches were censored? What if countless amounts interactions and communications were unreachable from now on?Some people view the internet may be the root cause of the evil that is going on in the world. Therefore some people think these harsh events would not be reality if we just simply limited their online searches. Another reason people believe that the internet should be censored to limit some of the propaganda that people put out in the world. TheRead MoreBenefits of Internet Use1012 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is good for you? The use of the Internet offers a variety of benefits to everyone who is willing to use it. The enormous amount of information available and the many uses one can have through the internet have made it the most valuable tool in various settings of a person’s life. The Internet has an enormous amount of publications added on it every day and it’s evolving as the most powerful source of information. 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I have accessRead MoreThe Internet : Benefits Of Children Using The Internet1457 Words   |  6 PagesBenefits of Children Using the Internet Children have been introduced to the Internet at a strikingly young age. Popular videos on social media show children interacting with the Internet on a daily basis. The Internet is a great resource for children to communicate, be creative, learn and have fun. However, parents have concerns about children having unlimited access to the Internet. These concerns include: a decrease in family communication, a lack of family relationships, child-obesity and onlineRead MoreBenefits Of Using The Internet1298 Words   |  6 Pagesthe computer world is the internet, due to this development the internet has now become the main communication method within the current generation whether that is between people or companies. 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Modern technology brings great benefits to children academically and personallyRead MoreThe Vast Benefits of the Internet Essay858 Words   |  4 PagesBenefits of the Internet In the modern world, the internet has become a powerful tool that people use to ease day to day activities. The internet has become more accessible to people across the globe providing opportunities that never existed before. The power of the internet in building businesses has also increased as more people are able to access it. The internet has changed the way people live and how they relate to each other. It has become an invaluable tool that most of us cannot live without

Lease Property in Australia-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Discuss about the law regarding lease property in Australia. Answer: Introduction: Law relating to leasing of property in Australia is governs by Leases (Commercial and Retail) Act 2001. This Act covers area like commercial and rental sectors as well as shops, land, residential areas. The word lease denotes a contract between the lessor and lessee where lessor conveys his property to lessee, in lieu of periodic rental. There are certain conditions that should be written at the time of the contract. The obligations of the lessee are also discussed here[1]. Discussion: Lease is an instrument by which the landlord or lessor conveyed his property to the tenant or lessee for a particular time in lieu of certain periodic payment. Every lease agreement contained with some terms and conditions. Except providing a standard lease agreement, a landlord occupy certain duties to the tenant[2]. A property owner should maintain the structure of the lease property when he is conveying his property to the lessee. He should ensure about the installations including the electricity. He has an obligation in regards with the safety of the tenant so that the tenant may not face any physical threat due course of his business. He must give the vacant possession of the premises to the tenant. Lease agreement is an instrument where certain terms and conditions are engraved regarding the lease. Besides the common terms, a standard lease agreement contained certain mandatory provisions such as full information about the parties of the lease agreement, clearly shows the name of the lessor and lessee. Identification of the property is a must in case of lease agreement. Identification of a property includes details of the property, means house number, schedule of property, town, state, postal code. It should be mentioned in the agreement about the provision when the lease contract will come into force. The amount of lease rent should also be mentioned specifically. The provision regarding how the contract will be binding upon the parties are need to be mentioned too[3]. Regarding the second question, one clause has been stated here (Clause 5.1), where it has been mentioned that in case of any process or dealings, the consent of the lessee is required. If the lessee is not agree with the process, he may write to the landlord about it. It has also been mentioned in the clause that if any process proved to be detrimental in nature or affect the lessees access to the premises, lessee has the option to deny or avoid the process. In this case, the double space process by the lessor will harm the lessees trade. He has an option not to agree with the proposals by the landlord[4]. Conclusion: Therefore, from the above statement, it can be concluded that every standard lease agreement has certain mandatory conditions to be mentioned and to be applied thoroughly. In lease agreement, the liabilities of landlord and tenant is reciprocal in nature. If in the contract, it is mentioned that the lessee can disagree with any terms of the contract, which cause a harm as against his interest, he has every right to do the same. References: 'Commercial Leases - Responsibility For Repairs And Maintenance' (Focuslegal.com.au, 2017) https://www.focuslegal.com.au/lawyer-chatswood/commercial-leases-responsibility-for-repairs-and-maintenance accessed 1 June 2017 https://www.commerce.wa.gov.au/sites/default/files/atoms/files/lessorsguide.pdf accessed 1 June 2017 https://www.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0012/12072/Information_brochure.pdf accessed 1 June 2017 'The Tenant's Obligations' (Lawhandbook.sa.gov.au, 2017) https://www.lawhandbook.sa.gov.au/ch23s01s07s03.php accessed 1 June 201 'Commercial Leases - Responsibility For Repairs And Maintenance' (Focuslegal.com.au, 2017) https://www.focuslegal.com.au/lawyer-chatswood/commercial-leases-responsibility-for-repairs-and-maintenance accessed 1 June 2017. (2017) https://www.commerce.wa.gov.au/sites/default/files/atoms/files/lessorsguide.pdf accessed 1 June 2017. (2017) https://www.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0012/12072/Information_brochure.pdf accessed 1 June 2017. The Tenant's Obligations' (Lawhandbook.sa.gov.au, 2017) https://www.lawhandbook.sa.gov.au/ch23s01s07s03.php accessed 1 June 2017.

Phosphates In Water Pollution Essays - Aquatic Ecology, Phosphates

Phosphates in Water Pollution Phosphates may be created by substituting some or all of the hydrogen of a phosphoric acid by metals. Depending on the number of hydrogen atoms that are replaced, the resulting compound is described as a primary, secondary or tertiary phosphate. Primary and secondary phosphates contain hydrogen and are acid salts. Secondary and tertiary phosphates, with the exception of those of sodium, potassium and ammonium are insoluble in water. Tertiary sodium phosphate is valuable as a detergent and water softener. The primary phosphates tend to be more soluble. Phosphates, which are an important component to metabolism in both plants and animals, help in the first step in oxidation of glucose in the body. Primary calcium phosphate is an ingredient of plant fertilizer. Phosphates have caused increasing attention recently. The focus is on the environmentally harmful effects in household detergents. Wastewater, from laundering agents, contains phosphates, which are said to be a water pollutant. Most laundry detergents contain approximately 35% to 75% sodium triphosphate (Na5P3O10), which serves two purposes. Providing an alkaline solution (pH 9.0 to 10.5) is necessary for effective cleansing and also to tie up calcium and magnesium ions found in natural waters and prevent them from interfering with the cleansing role of the detergent. Eutrophication is the progressive over-fertilization of water, in which festering masses of algae's blooms, choking rivers and lakes. Phosphorus compounds act as a fertilizer for all plant life, whether free-floating algae or more substantial rooted weeds, and are implicated in eutrophication. Many countries control phosphate levels, whereas Switzerland has banned the use of phosphates. The marine environment is both fragile and more resistant than the terrestrial ecosystem. It is fragile for the reasons that nutrients are generally present in very low concentrations, permanently consumed by living organisms and pollutants diffuse rapidly. Lakes and rivers are extremely complex ecosystems. Nutrients are taken up by both algae and rooted weeds. The weeds act as a shelter for fish larvae and zooplankton, both of which eat algae and are, in turn, eaten by larger fish. Scientists have concluded that unpolluted lakes can absorb surprisingly large amounts of phosphates without uncertainty. When a fertilizer, such as a phosphate, is added more algae will grow, and consequently will the populations of zooplankton and fish. Difficulties only arise when the lake is already impure. Zooplankton are sensitive to their environment and many substances are toxic to them. If any of these substances, including phosphates, are present the zooplankton population cannot increase. Adding phosphates to this polluted system will case algae growth. The floating masses cut off the light supply. Weeds die and decompose using up dissolved oxygen, and causing sulfurous smells and plagues. Deprived of shelter and food, the fish larvae starve. The lake is well on the way to catastrophe. Without wetlands there would be a minimal amount of fresh drinking water due to the fact that wetlands filter the waters of our lakes, rivers and streams, sequentially reducing contamination of water. The plant growth in wetlands removes phosphates and other plant nutrients washed in from the surrounding soil, consequently restricting the growth of algae and aquatic weeds. This growth is a serious problem in some of Canada's major waterways, where dead and decaying algae deprive the deeper waters of their oxygen. Researches at Lancaster University have studied lakes whose plant and animal life has been killed by acid rain. The excess acid in the lakes can be neutralized easily by adding lime, but this makes the waters rich in calcium. Life will gradually return to the lake but, as these lakes should have low calcium levels, it will not be the same kind of life that existed in lakes before pollution. The answer, they have concluded, is to add phosphates. These phosphates work by shielding the water. This depends upon nitrate ions in the lake. Contradictory, these ions also are produced by acid rain, contain oxides of nitrogen from combustion sources. These fertilizers do not alter the pH level of the water. Instead, they stimulate the growth of plants. The plants absorb the dissolved nitrates, generating hydroxide ions, which in return neutralize the excess acid. Removal of phosphates from detergent is not likely to slow algae growth

Where Creativity and Inspiration Originate

Where Creativity and Inspiration Originate Introduction The human mind and character always seem to be stimulated by various events and actions, therefore, leading to the adaptations of the different analogies in life. These aspects in life are applied in art and design to furnish and give relevant imaginative direction, so that someone might see the piece of work.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Where Creativity and Inspiration Originate specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Works of art and design do possess their own virtue and properties, which may be given different interpretations by people as each do portray various form of descriptions with essentially unchanging qualities, but they are subject to substantial number of ‘true’, authoritative and ‘irrefutable’ opinions. It also states that it can mean what any one wants it to be by giving it no decisive independence or veracity as art can be derived from, dance, painting, photograph y, sculpture, architecture, music, cinema, drawing, theater, literature and printmaking (Sporre, 2009). The different disciplines of art can also be used to define humanity with religion and history being a factor, with science and technology embracing the entirety of the human nature and hindering its raw creativity blossoming, an insistence for us to depart from this enslavement and instead use it to complement humanities as Leonardo da Vinci and Galileo did. In this regard, we are going to look at the origin of some two historical art periods and the impact they have made to the world of art (Janaro and Altshuler, 2009). Firstly, we are going to look at Renaissance, which is a French word that means ‘rebirth’ and is regarded to be the beginning of modern history as it commenced around 14th to the 17th century. Its impact was felt in most of the Northern Italian cities with the passion for art flourishing and its knowledge being spread to the greater Europe and Middle East. This trade not only led to the exchange of goods, but also to the preservation of writings of the ancient Greeks by the Arab scholars. Together with the ideas exchanged, it served as the basis of the Renaissance as many Christian scholars were leaving Greece for Italy with the fall of the Byzantine empire to the Muslim Turks in 1453. Although the association of Renaissance to Italy is of great importance, it has eclipsed the enhancement of new ideas in northern Europe, the Iberian Peninsula, the Islamic world, Southeast Asia, and Africa as Renaissance was a remarkably international, fluid and mobile incidence (Brotton, 2006). The Renaissance period saw the Graeco-Roman culture transforming art, politics and the society at large as now Art was acknowledged therefore inspiring human inventions and defining the modern world. Renaissance has also been used to define a point of time in history that Europe was asserting its power and authority in most of the continents.Advertising Looking for essay on art? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The 15th and 16th centuries saw the use and development of perception from an experimental technique to play a role in the daily life of every artist’s education with the rise and demand of architectural developments. The arches of Gothic cathedrals became a landscape with its paintings and buildings with virgin of the rocks by da Vinci and other medieval paintings such as the Wilton Diptych both of which are in the National Gallery in London revolutionized art in the Renaissance era. This period in history also revived and preserved the classical era antiquities with the rediscovery of literature, sculpture and architecture from ancient Greece and Rome. The origin of modern physics and astronomy also started in this period as Copernicus contended for a heliocentric clarification of the planet movements and this played a big role for Newton’s exp lanation of gravity 200 years later. In middle ages and Renaissance, theoretical and practical geometry was about measurement by instruments and ‘’by art’’ therefore geometry being relevant to artists who were charged with composing inventions and executing them materially. The renaissance artists gave us the first remarkable pictures of the world in which we live in and are considered the best and geniuses with depictions in the modern day artist’s work. Renaissance therefore gave birth while preserving the ideas and inventions that marked different moments in history while adjustments being applied to it where necessary. The second historical period that we are going to look at is Realism which is a period between 1830 to 1870. Derived from the word real, Realism is the actual presentation of objects, actions or social conditions and it can be said to have inspired philosophy, science, art and literature with its impact being felt in major Europea n countries. In France, it saw the union of artists such as the Realists coming together to paint nature as it really appears, citing the scenery of nature as their main inspiration for art. Realism also establishes itself as a way of thought than a movement within a specific genre with its main principles rejecting classicism and romanticism as fallacies of art asit does not focus on individuals of middle and lower classes who have common problems and obstacles which everyone can associate with. Due to this fact, literary writing has a distinction between realism and actual everyday reality, as realist novels do not give the slightest reality of life as its form and representation. Realism as a form is uninfluenced by classical confluences as it participates in the modern impulse of modernity with a great impact being seen in film and media with reality shows such as Big Brother and Survivor, said to be an experience of real visual representations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Where Creativity and Inspiration Originate specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This makes realism a relationship between media texts and the viewers. Pier Paolo Pasolini can arguably be said to have inspired modern day cinema with films such as Accattone, The Canterbury Tales, Medea, Salo among many more continue to challenge and still entertain new generations of moviegoers as his work was drawn from art, literature, folklore and music (Maurizio, 1993). He also did not contaminate the purity of theoretical linguistic unit as he removed it from its canonical sites. All in all, Realism touches on every essence of the human life and environment and it cannot be ignored in our daily lives. References Brotton, J. (2006). The Renaissance: A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press. Janaro, R. P., Altshuler, T. C. (2009). The Art of Being Human (9th Ed.). New York: Pearson Education. ISBN-13, 9780205605422. Maurizio S. V. (1993). A Certain Realism: Making Use of Pasolinis Film Theory and Practice. London: University of California Press. ISBN.0520078551, 9780520078550. Sporre, D. J. (2009). Perceiving The Arts: An Introduction to the Humanities (9th Ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN-13: 978-0136045694.

Fredericton, the Capital of New Brunswick, Canada

Fredericton, the Capital of New Brunswick, Canada Fredericton is the capital city of the province of New Brunswick, Canada. With a downtown of only 16 blocks, this picturesque capital city provides the benefits of a larger city while still being affordable. Fredericton is strategically located on the Saint John River and is within a days drive of Halifax, Toronto, and New York City. Fredericton is a center for information technology, engineering, and environment industries, and is home to two universities and a variety of training colleges and institutes. Location of Fredericton, New Brunswick Fredericton is located on the banks of the Saint John River in central New Brunswick. See Fredericton Map Area of City of Fredericton 131.67 sq. km (50.84 sq. miles) (Statistics Canada, 2011 Census) Population of City of Fredericton 56,224 (Statistics Canada, 2011 Census) Date Fredericton Incorporated as a City 1848 Date Fredericton Became the Capital City of New Brunswick 1785 Government of City of Fredericton, New Brunswick Fredericton municipal elections are held every four years on the second Monday in May. Date of the last Fredericton municipal election: Monday, May 14, 2012 Date of the next Fredericton municipal election: Monday, May 9, 2016 Frederictons city council is made up of 13 elected representatives: one mayor and 12 city councilors. Fredericton Mayor Brad WoodsideFredericton City Council Fredericton Attractions New Brunswick Legislative AssemblyChrist Church CathedralHistoric Garrison DistrictKings Landing Historical SettlementScience EastBeaverbrook Art GalleryTrans Canada Trail Weather in Fredericton Fredericton has a moderate climate with warm, sunny summers and cold, snowy winters. Summer temperatures in Fredericton range from 20Â °C (68Â °F) to 30 Â °C (86Â °F). January is the coldest month in Fredericton with an average temperature of -15Â °C (5Â °F), although the temperature can dip to -20Â °C (-4Â °F). Winter storms often deliver 15-20 cm (6-8 inches) of snow. Fredericton Weather Forecast City of Fredericton Official Site City of Fredericton Capital Cities of Canada For information on the other capital cities in Canada, see Capital Cities of Canada.

Any topic Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Any topic - Research Paper Example Besides showing that the Sun did not revolve around the Earth, as the Bible suggests, and his many inventions, Galileos most famous contribution to science was in greatly improving the telescope. Galileo courageously led the way in the battle of science over superstition at a time when superstition was accepted as science. Educated as a mathematician, Galileo had wished to pursue a life within the Church but his parents insisted he attend the University to study medicine. While at the Universities of Padua and Pisa, mathematics became his passion and would go on to teach the subject before leaving to study privately. Until the time of Galileo, Nicholas Copernicus (1473  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 1543) and Johannes Kepler (1571  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 1630) among others physics theories discovered by Aristotle (384–322 BC) were still considered fundamentally correct. While still a professor, Galileo challenged these theories, one of which led to the dual ball dropping from a leaning tower located in his hometown. According to Aristotle, heavier objects fall at a greater rate than lighter objects. Galileo disproved this theory. "The reason for one object falling faster than the other had to do with the friction each encounters while moving through the air- two objects of different weight actually fall at the same rate in a vacuum." ("Galileo Drops," 2014) Perhaps even more famous than the leaning tower story is Galileos argument against Aristotles theory that the Sun revolved around the Earth, that it was a geocentric universe. The prevailing theory fit well into the Churchs teachings but it had no intention of allowing a new theory, one that made sense and was presented by a credible, respected and well-known scholar, to become public knowledge. Galileo confirmed Copernicus heliocentric theory that the Earth and other planets do what they actually do, revolve around the Sun. To accomplish this, he modified a telescope, increasing its magnification to 20 times when

Character analysis of Werther in Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's The Essay

Character analysis of Werther in Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's The Sorrows of Young Werther - Essay Example O'Rourke sings the witches' chant double, double toil and trouble'' on the soundtrack.The film is a bloody and brutal big-screen adaptation f Shakespeare's tragedy, with a lank-haired Sam Worthington in the title role and Victoria Hill as Lady Macbeth. Other key players include Lachy Hulme as Macduff, Steve Bastoni as Banquo and Gary Sweet as Duncan.If there is a bad boy among Australian feature film directors, Wright would be in the running for the title. There are certain things I can act on and I can surprise people with the speed f the action,'' he says. I get passionate about some things and it has got me into trouble.''He was fired three days before shooting was due to start on Supernova in 1999, for example. If that had not happened, the big-budget science fiction film would have been his first for Hollywood. The way Wright tells it, he had planned from the outset to have the characters floating as if they were in zero gravity. But the studio bosses at United Artists suddenly decided the characters should walk around on the ground in boots as though they were on Star Trek''.People change their minds and get scared,'' ... A couple f years later, an incident at a Film Finance Corporation Australia Christmas party added to Wright's volatile reputation. He and producer Jonathan Shteinman had a disagreement about then FFC chief executive Catriona Hughes and ended up trying to settle the matter outside with fisticuffs. Some regard Wright's behaviour as not nice at all. Others are inspired by his passion. Wright describes Macbeth the man as incredibly corrupt'', but also admires his courage. Macbeth has that blazing, insane, crazy courage that you get when you have committed to something thoroughly rotten and there's no way out so you just keep going ahead with it,'' he says. You get yourself boxed in but you somehow [summon] up the guts to keep going forward. There is something fascinating about that.'' Wright clearly doesn't like himself when he doesn't stand up for what he believes in: We have more and more prosperity in Australia and there is less and less inclination to rock the boat, speak out, make a gesture. That can be frustrating. I fall into the same trap. Maybe there is a level f common sense to it but it also makes me feel a bit sick afterwards.'' Wright's films are as bold as he is. The R-rated Romper Stomper, with its neo-Nazi and racial themes, stormed into cinemas 15 years ago and remains one f the gutsiest films to emerge from Australia. Wright's second film, Metal Skin, a tale f misfit teens with lots f car action that starred Aden Young and Ben Mendelsohn, was made soon after Romper Stomper but failed to have an impact. The teen horror flick Cherry Falls, the one film he eventually made in the US, in 2000, showed adolescents murdered and the word virgin carved on their bodies. Violence, then, is a recurring

Compare the beginning of the novel and Sinises film version Of Mice and Men Essay Example for Free

Compare the beginning of the novel and Sinises film version Of Mice and Men Essay The opening of the novel and the film differ from each other in many ways. The film has a tense and dramatic start where as the novel is set in a quiet and peaceful woodland area as Steinbeck sets the scene in clear detail. The film opens with a haunting, chilling melody lingering in the background of a black screen with white credits appearing for several minutes. Sinise puts the credits at the beginning rather than at the end so that he adds to the drama at the beginning and doesnt ruin the ending with them. As the music fades the black background remains with the occasional, faint beam of moonlight, streaming through the open cracks in the wagon of a train. The camera shot focuses on a lonely figure, crouched in the corner, looking by the expression on his face as if he has the weight of the world on his shoulders, as the frequent train whistles drown out his thoughts. This makes the audience curious about who the man is, which makes them want to watch on to find out the identity of this mysterious character. Suddenly the film explodes into colour in a dramatic style as a panic-stricken woman, with her dress ripped, runs towards a group of men working on a ranch. The next clip is of the group of men, carrying guns on horseback, all laden in denim chasing two apparently un-armed men. These two men are Lennie and George, who are racing through the grassy shrubs of the plains. A sense of danger and menace is created as George is continually looking over his shoulder and dragging Lennie along as the men on horseback continue to hunt the two men. We later realise that this is symbolic of the two mens relationship, as George always has to look over his shoulder in real life. It symbolises a mother always looking over her shoulder to see if her baby is all right. Both of the men fall into a stream and hide under the overgrown reeds and grass from the prairie. The men pass by the stream and this causes a sense of excitement and tension within the audience. The first close up on Lennie shows us his big, frightened eyes, worried like a child, with his dilated pupils reflecting the sunlight. The heavy breathing stops but both men remain silent, and as time goes by the crickets begin to chirp and the audience get a chance to get their breath back. It then goes back to a train noise and by this time night has fallen. Both men jump onto a train, Lennie goes first and is hoisted up by George; this is symbolic of a mother picking up her child after it has fallen down, or is struggling to get up. Lennie tells George that he is tired, so George tells him to lie down and go to sleep. Lennies jacket is wet so George helps him to take it off. This action is symbolic of the mother/child relationship that the two men have. George takes Lennies jacket off like a mother undressing a child. The beginning of the novel is very different as Steinbeck sets the scene in clear detail. He creates a very quiet and peaceful atmosphere by using phrases such as fresh and green with every spring and the leaves lie so deep and so crisp that a lizard makes a great skittering if he runs among them. Unlike this, the film shows an exciting chase in a tense and dangerous atmosphere. The first time you see Lennie and George in the novel they are calmly walking through the trees and peacefully drinking from the pool. His huge companion dropped his blankets and flung himself down as he drank from the surface of the green pool. This is another symbol of Lennie behaving like a child. On the other hand when we first see Lennie and George in the film they are running away from a gang of rampant ranchers, seething for their blood. In the film they are both wearing different clothes. George is wearing denim and Lennie is wearing dungarees to make him look like a big kid. This differs from the novel as Steinbeck has the two men in identical dress. Both were dressed in denim trousers and in denim coats with brass buttons. Also they both wore black shapeless hats. The end of the novel is also very different to the end of the film. At the end of the novel Lennie hides in the bush where George said it was safe. While he waits he hallucinates and sees an enormous rabbit appear and speaks to him, telling him that he has done wrong and has let George down for all that he has done for him. Then his Aunt Clara appears and starts scolding him for his behaviour. This does not happen in the film as the audience may loose attention and it takes the edge off the seriousness of the atmosphere, that Sinise tries to create. At the end of the film George is looking for Lennie, trying to reach him before the angry mob do and painfully kill him. George runs to find Lennie, running as at the beginning of the film, but this time running by himself, running and falling, which is symbolic of his prediciment with Lennie. George finally finds Lennie wandering at a cut by the stream. Lennie runs to George and falls over in the water by Georges feet. Lennie persists to cuddle George like a child cuddling its mother. There is a long focussed camera shot of George and Lennie in the water. This is the first time we see George taller than Lennie and this is symbolic of the parent/child relationship they have with each other. The camera focuses on them for several seconds to emphasise this aspect of their relationship and to show how close the two men are. In the novel the two men are not in the water when they cuddle and there is no indication that George is bigger than Lennie. They are both on the banks near to the water. Sinise just adds this part in to the film to make it look as if Lennie has just fallen over emphasising his helplessness. In the novel Lennie asks George to tell him the story of how it is gonna be, and after several attempts George shoots him in the head and helps him die painlessly and with a certain amount of dignity. At the sound of the shot the men appear and surround George. They think there has been a struggle and George has shot Lennie in self-defence, only Slim realises what has really happened. Although George is left all alone there is the possibility that Slim and he will develop a closer friendship. Many changes were made from this original ending in the film version. When George was telling Lennie the story of how it was gonna be he shoots him first time after Lennie says and I get to tend the rabbits. Lennie, who was crouched on his knees, is curled up like a baby or an embryo with George standing over him after he had been shot. Once again this is symbolic of the mother child relationship between them and also symbolises Lennie being like a child. The final camera shot on them both expands on a large shot of the pool where George told Lennie it was supposed to be safe. The audience visualises the trust Lennie had in George and this is emphasised in this scene. The next shot goes back to the beginning where it is George who was on the train sitting in the corner lonely and isolated. He has a flashback and remembers the good times that he and Lennie had. In this flashback they both walk side by side, smiling and laughing, Lennie puts his arm around George like a child wanting affection from his mother. This caption is in slow motion to make the audience remember how good the friendship was between the two and to make the audience feel sorry for the lonely George. It then goes silent, the picture fades to a black screen and it ends. Another major difference between the novel and the film is the way in which Curleys wife is portrayed. In the novel she is pictured as a flirtatious tart, where as in the film she is depicted as pretty and only gently flirts. In the novel she is seen as being a tart. She had full, rouged lips and wide-spaced eyes, heavily made up. Her fingernails were red. Her hair hung in little rolled clusters, like sausages. She wore a cotton house dress and red mules, on the insteps of which were little bouquets of red ostrich feathers. This extract clearly shows that she is unsuitably dressed for her surroundings. She wore backless shoes (mules) with ostrich feathers on the instep, with a red dress. This was not the clothing you would expect to be worn on a ranch. She only dresses this way so the men pay attention to her because she is bitterly lonely. In the film Curleys wife is seen as very different to this as she has a very pretty face and is only slightly flirtatious, whereas in the novel she blatantly flirts with Lennie. When she asked Lennie what had happened to Curleys hand, Lennie immediately looks at Candy for help and with no reply, he turns his gaze downwards towards his lap. This shows the reader a side of Lennie that is trying to reach out for help like a young child. Needing guidance he vaguely replies, Curley got his hand caught in a machine. Curleys wife laughed Ok machine. Ill talk to you later. I like machines. She picks out Lennie as he is the weakest and probably the most likely to fall for her charm due to his mental immaturity. Again she persists to flirt with Lennie when the four are talking about George. Lennie says Thats the guy, and hes gonna let me tend the rabbits, to which Curleys wife adds Well if thats all you want, I might get a couple rabbits myself. She comes across as very manipulative in this pa rt of the novel. In the film, she seems very lonely, and director Sinise adds a scene, which is not in the novel. In this scene Curleys wife tells George and Lennie of how Curley broke all of her records, which are her only company. This makes the audience feel sorry for her, as she is very lonely as if she has lost all of her friends. In the novel the reader sees Curleys wife as being lonely, but they do not feel sorry for her as she has a very nasty nature. An example of this is when she is in Crooks room and continually calls the men bindle stiffs and bindle bums. She says, they left all the weak ones here. She repeats this vicious nature when saying, Standin here talking to a bunch of bindle stiffs a nigger an a dum-dum an a lousy ol sheep an likin it because they aint nobody else. Crooks tells her to get out of his room and she bombards him with a vicious racial assault saying, Listen Nigger. I could get you strung up on a tree so easy it aint even funny. This inner personality is only released when she is most lonely, as she believes that Curley cannot satisfy her emotionally or physically, in a marriage she is in to escape a spiral of her self-loneliness. This results in her need to lust for the other men on the ranch, as this may be her only chance to find the happiness she secretly yearns for. This tone that she speaks to people in is exempt from many parts of the film as the director tries to make the audience feel sorry for her, whilst in the novel you are made to think that she deserved to be killed due to the way she threatened Crooks. I feel Sinise did this to make you feel sorry for her when she dies and to bring Georges killing of Lennie into a deeper prospective. The age of Curleys wife also differs in both the novel and the film. In the novel Curleys wife is merely the tender age of fifteen/sixteen, whilst in the film she is portrayed as a much older and more mature age. My personal favourite between the novel and the film, is the novel as it is an epic and thrilling read. I think that the film version is very emotional, and the director Sinise portrays the novel in a different way, although the detail and description of the film can never compare with the original novel. You will find that in most cases the film cannot reproduce the same empathy and imagination used when the author first creates their masterpiece.

Should Immigration Be Limited? Essay -- essays research papers

Immigration: limited or unlimited?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On the subject of immigration, one student at J.E.B. Stuart High School in Falls Church, Virginia commented, â€Å"we make America more interesting† (Swerdlow 61). As true as these words are, the question of how much more interest should be allowed to cross our borders each year, and what exactly defines an American these days puzzle the already 281 million residents who find comfort in the freedoms of America. America is a land of immigrants, also referred to as the â€Å"melting pot of the world.† However, the possibility that America’s kettle is over-flowing concerns its citizens and some politicians.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ideas for capping immigration have been voiced in the past, but have not been heard. While some will argue legal immigration should have no restrictions, most Americans will agree illegal immigration is indeed a problem. With some 6 million people living in America illegally, and only 46, 750 deportations last year, a solution must take hold soon (Zarembo 26). President George W. Bush has been working on a plan to reform immigration that could make millions of undocumented workers legal. Bush may only open the application for legal residency to Mexicans, but nothing will be final for at least another year. As a result of negotiations, mayhem has broken out on Capitol Hill, with politicians pulling fiercely on both sides. Some believe this will trigger more ill...

Caitlin LaGrone Research

Caitlin LaGroneDr. Ramsey English Composition II 19 April 2018Through a Soldiers Eyes Wilfred Owen utilizes his poems to display problems throughout war that soldiers deal with which is not easy. They face many trials that sometimes leads to death. Death does not care who you are or where you are when it is ready for you it will take you. Sacrifices are made, and it is a personal choice. He allows these poems to foreshadow what can happen or what they must conquer as their time as a soldier. Owen illustrates throughout his poems, â€Å"Anthem For Doomed Youth,† â€Å"S.I.W.,† and â€Å"Dulce es Decorum Est,† how the soldiers have faced multiple physical and mental challenges throughout their times during service. Throughout Owen's poem â€Å"Anthem For Doomed Youth,† he displays the physical hardships that are faced by soldiers but also the families of the soldier. Owen begins his poem with how the hardships are faced by a soldier and their families as well:What passing-bells for these who die as cattle?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã‚  Only the monstrous anger of the guns.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Only the stuttering rifles' rapid rattleCan patter out their hasty orisons (1.1-4). â€Å"The â€Å"passing-bells† is a demonstration of how the deaths are announced to the world. The soldiers do not get a real prayer or rights like the Christians get back home, they received the right to a rifle being shot at them. They received sounds of the â€Å"rapid rattle of gun fire (1.3),† as a choir instead of a choir from a church as they fall to death. Owen suggest that they are not getting the real respect from the organized religion for those dying on the lines when it comes to war. The families are faced with not being able to honor their family member the correct way. The soldiers are putting their life on the line for the country but are not getting the right recognition that they are so deserving of. Their families believe they deserve a true memorial service where they are honored with the respect they are deserved. The soldiers go through a lot, but it also takes a toll on the families as well. The soldiers faced many obstacles but the harshest one was watching one of their own hit the ground injured or experiencing death. Owen utilizes â€Å"what candles may be held to speed them all?  Not in the hands of boys, but in their eyes† (9-10), to demonstrate the soldiers' eyes lit up as they saw one of their family members lying on the ground suffering of and injury or death. Seeing one of their family members as they thought of them laying on the ground suffering was one of the hardest things for them to watch due to them all wanting to make it out alive together. The eyes of the surrounding brothers as a army soldier would call his friends are lit up with broken spirits and defeat. Harold Bloom illustrates that Owen's poems that war has gone far beyond religion since they all sin and do what is best for the country to obtain their freedom (Bloom par. 3)Also, Owen indicates an infliction with a solider that cannot decide between facing the hardships or going ahead and ending his life to avoid them in â€Å"S.I.W.† Struggling is not an easy thing to accept. At the beginning of the poem Owen exposes the father stating, â€Å"he'd always show the Hun a brave man's face (2),† but the son is honestly terrified but cannot dishonor his fathers wishes of him going in the army, so he puts on an act that he is brave. The kid only wanted to show his father that he was brave but did not want to let him down either. Merryn Williams suggests that the father believes that if his son commits suicide he will be dishonored because it is not an action that is honored like one that puts himself on the line for the country, committing suicide is too easy compared to being on the front line (Williams par.10), The solider is going through being shot at, depression, sickness, injuries, but also having to pretend to be brave when they are really terrified due to the fact they never know when their life may end or if they will even make it out alive. â€Å"Where once an hour a bullet missed its aim and misses teased the hunger of his brain (12-13),† is displayed throughout Owens poem as a display of how the soldiers brain hungers for a bullet as they are missed by them but also their brain gets jittery because they never know when one will strike. But sadly, the solider cannot take it any longer â€Å"this time, Death had not missed (26),† the self-inflicted wound theory took over his mental state and he followed through with it but made it look like it had been made on purpose due to the others finding a bullet within the body. Death occurred from the wound and could not be changed or stopped. During Owens poem â€Å"Dulce es Decorum Est,† he establishes more difficulties that the soldiers are having to face during the battle times. Daniel Hipp portrays the poem as the soldiers are dealing with shellshock due to their inabilities to walk and hear as their major flaws throughout the war times but also, they are drunk half the time which can affect their mental abilities and play a part in their flaws as well (Hipp par.26), any struggles that were faced were â€Å"Many had lost their boots, but limped on, blood-shod (5-6),† covered in blood and carrying themselves on just their feet was not an easy thing. They were sometimes covered in blood from head to toe due to all the action going on back and forth. Most had injuries but had to overcome the injuries and continued to fight for the achievement of freedom. Along with the injuries and no shoes they also faced â€Å"all went lame; all blind; Drunk with fatigue; deaf even to the hoots Of gas-shells dropping softly behind (6-8),† these defects affected their mind and did not allow them to have a mental capacity to comprehend what was going on around them or how to overcome not being able to deal with what was going around them. Some had to deal with higher up problems such as â€Å"Gas! GAS! Quick, boys! —An ecstasy of fumbling Fitting the clumsy helmets just in time (9-10),† some had to have quick reflexes to put a gas mask on without having any trouble and being very quick about it because they do not have much time to protect themselves from the gas being used against them. The characteristic of displaying fast reflexes can save themselves from the actions of destruction from the gas that is deadly. Throughout Wilfred Owens three poems he utilizes them to prove that being a soldier is tough but can be accomplished. A soldier is an honor and it takes a brave person to face the hardships and overcome adversity. Owen portrays these poems to display what a soldier is signing up for when they began thinking about the Army.

The Birthday Boys by Beryl Bainbridge

Through the ‘Birthday Boys' Beryl Bainbridge has written the accounts of five very different men and their heroic fight to achieve indissoluble greatness. Fascinatingly this straightforward expedition reveals some of the most complex revelations about Edwardian society and its misplaced British class system. Even more interesting is the morals and opinions of the five men and how their desire, whatever it was, drove them to their deaths. We see how Captain Scott, possibly one of the most well-known British heroes, miscalculated time and time again, and learn through the other narrations how he begins to lose the initial trust of his men. Heroism and the values surrounding it were somewhat different then to what they are now. Heroism was far more special and idiosyncratic as the final narrative of captain Oates reveals to us. When reading the book it never feels like a team effort. It is one where the reader follows each individual and their plight for what they wish to achieve. I think the heroism present in the ‘Birthday Boys' is so idiosyncratic because there does not appear to be a common goal. With the exception of Dr. Wilson, these men were not going to the South Pole for Scientific Research, they were there for the glory, and they were there for the chance to be a hero. This drove them on. Temperatures in the Antarctic reached below -60iC, which was more than most of them had ever dreamt of suffering. It took more than just physical strength to survive those conditions; it was their mental strength, courage and belief. Each man had different ideas of what this heroic status would mean. Taff Evans explains how when he returns from the pole he will be in a position to quit being a sailor and ‘buy a little pub in Cardigan bay'. He saw this simple, honest ambition as being an ample reward for becoming a hero. Scott of the Antarctic', perhaps one of the most controversial of British Heroes, is very carefully examined by Beryl Bainbridge. Those readers who thought he was an unlucky explorer, caught out by nature but a great leader, are refuted. Those who thought that he was an inhumane, terrible leader are shown his good points. Bainbridge manages to bring a certain realism to the portrayal of a hero whom many have formed strong opinions with very little foundation. He is a very determined and positive leader yet when setting out to an unexplored continent he needs a lot more than determination and a will to succeed. It is easy to feel that Scott has overlooked this. He lacks carefully planned routes and he never has a backup plan when the least he should have is a backup plan for the backup plan! His optimism, in my opinion, is his greatest downfall. He opens his narrative: Having to sail on past Cape Crozier came as a frightful blow. I'd banked on establishing our winter quarters there, but it proved impossible to land owing to the swell. These two sentences sum up Scott's inadequacies. Firstly, we see there's no direct self-blame. He affirms this constantly through his narrative – when it is obviously his fault no-one holds responsibility, and when it is not clear who is to blame he would use names: I blamed Gran, Oates, Meares – especially Meares. Secondly, he doesn't particularly worry about the fact that they will have to locate a new Winter Camp. It was merely a frightful blow, that's all. He does not dwell on it, in fact by the next paragraph he is already talking about their new location. Finally, perhaps the most unforgivable examples of Scots' lack of preparation was that they were unable to moor at Cape Crozier was because the sea had waves on it! Scots idiocy was one of the main reasons for the fate of the Polar Party. For two years he had been setting up supply camps for their return journey to cater for four people, and then decided that five could go along. One would hope a child would not make that sort of mistake let alone an experienced explorer. Despite this no one made any objections. There was a clear hierarchy amongst these men. This hierarchy meant that few decisions were questioned and inevitably when people disagree with a decision, like dropping the skis due to a change of terrain, they lose confidence in their leader and morale drops. The Birthday Boys' by Beryl Bainbridge is a carefully written analysis of the Edwardian society, picking up on their naivety, their disjointed class system and their wish to gain respect through becoming a hero. The book is called the birthday boys because the author has captured the child-like qualities of the 1910 expedition so perfectly. It is clear that the death of these men was not needed – yet, by dying, they did achieve the indissoluble greatness they desired and one can only feel that this temptation may itself have contributed to their fate.

Political Science 101 essays

Political Science 101 essays There are those wordsmiths in our great society who, when they dont like the connotative meaning of a word, simply change the meaning of the word to suit their purposes. This has been done incrementally and successfully for the last several decades. The political radicals of the 1960s continue to convulse our society as the baby boomers age in place. What I will endeavor to do is to explain in basic terms the meanings of several political terms that we hear thrown around in the media with a seemingly careless concern for their actual meanings. I will discuss the meanings and practicalities of Socialism, Capitalism, Liberalism, Conservatism, Communism, Fascism, Nazism, and Libertarianism. It is important to note that the meanings of these words have been steadily changing since the 1960s, so my words may sound out of date to those who have not read a book or newspaper published before 1968. I will start with the oldest, and most successful economic model ever evolved. Capitali sm has been around since one hominid (of course, this assumes you believe in evolution) traded an animal skin for a newer, sharper flint knife. This economic model has literally been around for more than a million years. Remember, capitalism is an economic model and not a political philosophy. Those were evolved to modify capitalism to suit people. Politics comes from the Greek root word Polis, or people. Politics and political models evolved to distribute the wealth generated by the free market capitalistic system. Liberalism and Conservatism have been particularly warped over the last several decades. At the turn of the last century, Theodore Roosevelt was called a liberal. The U.S. President that launched the United States onto the world stage was labeled a Liberal because he was progressive. The Democrats of the time were the conservatives, because they felt the U.S. had no business involving itself with the outside wo...

Names of Stores and Shops in Spanish

Names of Stores and Shops in Spanish Planning to do some shopping when you visit Spanish speaking country? It would be a good idea to learn one of the most common suffixes used with Spanish nouns, -erà ­a, typically used to indicate where something is made or sold. Youll run into the word most often as the names of specialty stores, such as zapaterà ­a for shoe store  and joyerà ­a for jewelry store.  It is less commonly used for a place where an item is manufactured or processed, such as herrerà ­a for an ironworks or blacksmiths shop. Names for Stores and Shops Following are some examples of shop names using -erà ­a. All of these nouns are feminine in gender. This list is far from complete but includes most  of them youre likely to come across. aguardenterà ­a - liquor store (from aguardiente, moonshine or liquor)azucarerà ­a - sugar shop (from azà ºcar, sugar)bizcocherà ­a - pastry shop (from bizcocho, type of cake or biscuit; this term is most common in Mexico)boleterà ­a  - ticket office, box office (from boleto, admission ticket)cafeterà ­a - coffeeshop, snack bar (from cafà ©, coffee)calceterà ­a  - hosiery shop (from calceta, sock or knitting)carnicerà ­a - butcher shop (from caherrrne, meat)charcuterà ­a - delicatessen (from French charcuterie; term used in Spain)cervecerà ­a - brewery, bar (from cerveza, beer)confiterà ­a - candy store (from confite, candy)droguerà ­a - drugstore, variety store (from droga, drug)ebanisterà ­a - cabinet shop, place where cabinets are made (from ebano, ebony)ferreterà ­a - hardware store (from an old word for iron)floristerà ­a - flower shop (from flor, flower)fruterà ­a - fruit shop (from fruta, fruit)heladerà ­a - ice-cream parlor (from helado, ice cream)herboristerà ­a - herbalists shop (from hierba, herb)herrerà ­a - blacksmiths shop (from hierra, iron) joyerà ­a - jewelry shop (from joya, jewel)jugueterà ­a - toy shop (from juguete, toy)lavanderà ­a - laundry (from lavar, to wash)lecherà ­a - dairy (from leche, milk)lencerà ­a - linen shop, lingerie shop (from lienzo, linen)librerà ­a - bookstore (from libro, book)mueblerà ­a - furniture store (from mueble, piece of furniture)panaderà ­a - bakery (from pan, bread)papelerà ­a - stationery store (from papel, paper)pastelerà ­a - pastry shop (from pastel, cake)peluquerà ­a - hairdressers shop, beauty shop, barbershop (from peluca, wig)perfumerà ­a - fragrance shop, perfume storepescaderà ­a - seafood store (from pez, fish)pizzerà ­a - pizzeria, pizza parlor (from pizza, pizza)platerà ­a - silversmiths shop (from plata, silver)pulperà ­a - small grocery store (from pulpa, fruit pulp; Latin American term)ropavejerà ­a - used-clothing store (from ropa vieja, old clothes)salchicheria - pork butchers shop (from salchicha, sausage)sastrerà ­a - tailors s hop (from sastre, tailor)sombrererà ­a - hat shop, hat factory (from sombrero, hat) tabaquerà ­a  - tobacco shop (from tabaco, tobacco)tapicerà ­a - upholstery shop, furniture store (from tapiz, tapestry)tintorerà ­a - dry-cleaners (from tinto, red wine or dye)verdulerà ­a - produce store, greengrocers, vegetable market (from verdura, vegetable)zapaterà ­a - shoe store (from zapato, shoe) Shopping Vocabulary Here are some words you may see posted in stores: abierto - opencajero - cashiercerrado - closeddescuento, rebaja - discountempuje - push (on a door)entrada - entrancejale - pull (on a door)oferta - saleprecios bajos - low pricestienda - store or shop Here are some words and phrases you may find useful when shopping: Hola. - Hello, hiPor favor. - Please.Busco _____. - Im looking for _____. ¿Dà ³nde puedo encontrar _____? - Where can I find _____? ¡Me gusta! - I like it! ¡Cul me recomendarà ­a? - Which one would you recommend? ¿Hay algo ms barato (caro)? - Is there anything cheaper (more expensive)?Voy a comprar esto. Voy a comprar estos.  - Ill buy this. Ill buy these. ¿Habla inglà ©s? - Do you speak English?Horario de atencià ³n - Times when a business is open.Estar en stock, estar fuera stock - To be in stock, to be out of stock.Tamaà ±o - Size ¿Dà ³nde est el/la _____ ms cerca? (Where is the nearest _____?)Gracias. - Thanks. Etymology The suffix -erà ­a comes from the Latin suffix -arius, which had a far more general usage. In a few cases, the suffix can be used to form a noun from an adjective. For example, the state of being unmarried  can be called solterà ­a, from soltero, alone. The suffix exists in English in the form of -ary, as in apothecary, although that suffix also has a more general meaning than does -erà ­a.

Country profile of Italy's media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Country profile of Italy's media - Essay Example Mediaset initially expanded its services outside Italy by acquiring 25% shares in a Spanish broadcaster called Telecinco in 1997 and increases the shares to 50.1% in 2003 (Mediaset a). In relation with the increasing demand for the use of the Internet, Mediaset decided to become active in managing web-based activities of Canale 5, Italia 1, Rete 4 and TGCOM6 by establishing the Mediaset.it (Mediaset.it b). Eventually, the media company decided to consolidate all of its digital activities under the Mediadigit before As part of analyzing the micro-environment of Mediaset, the total population in Italy including the number of households with television sets and the number of people who patronizes satellite, cable, or free TV will be thoroughly identified. Eventually, the most important media players including the current trends behind television broadcasting will be tackled followed by discussing the role of AGCOM in the extent wherein the media’s freedom of the press in terms of content restrictions being practiced in Italy. Prior to conclusion, the extent in which American programming affects the home-grown programming in Italy will be examined. As of July 2008, the total population of Italy is 58,145,320 (Central Intelligence Agency). Considering that Italy is one of the countries with the most advanced economy (Central Intelligence Agency b), almost 95% of Italian households have television. (Eurobarometer, p. 1) Back on November 2007; E-Communications Household Survey conducted an interview with a total of 1,039 research participants. Based on the results, E-Communications Household Survey revealed that as much as 79% of Italian household are dependent on the use of aerial television followed by 18% who has an access over satellite TV, 10% with access to cable TV network, and 8% on digital terrestrial television which is a

Renters Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Renters - Essay Example If it there is no comparison, one should lower the tax rate. To report rental income, one can use the form 1040 that comprises of all the schedules from A to F, J, L, M, & SE, and the other form 1040 with few information and no schedules. If your buildings, apartments, or rooms provide only trash collection, heat, and light among others, one should only report the rental income and expenses on part 1 in schedule E form 1040. If the apartment provides extra services that are essential to tenants’ convenience, like maid service, regular cleaning, and changing linen should report the rental expenses and income in Schedule C form 1040. It indicates considerable services of the apartment or business as the real estate dealer One can include rental income from the real state property owned by the taxpayer with the income they are reporting for their convenience store by including it on the schedule C used to report sales activities. This may be helpful as in most cases one may be subject to risk on activities carried out as business or trade. Typically, schedule C highlights the loss and profit from the business. It underlines basic services imposed for tenant’s convenience, and the total rental expenses and income (Anderson, 2011). The rental income is an income that is subject to self employment taxes. It is worth noting that, rental income is indicated on schedule E with Supplemental loss and income of tax return. Such incomes are derived from corporations, rental income, royalties, and trusts just to name a few. Nevertheless, even though such are categorized as income, it is not earned until one rent a personal property rather from real estate. Rental income takes place when one invests money in estates, which is return on investment in the form of rent. Therefore, the rental income can only be subject to self-employment taxes if there is investment obtained. However, if the apartment does not give

Do all arguments about abortion come down to the question of what is Essay

Do all arguments about abortion come down to the question of what is the moral status of the fetus Explain - Essay Example Debate on abortion has two premises: pro-life and pro-choice. The pro-life argue in favor of the right of the fetus. The pro-choice school of thought is proponent for the mother has a right of choice on whatever she has to do with her body. They argue that the mother can decide to either terminate or keep her pregnancy. They recognize the fact that any being able to be pregnant can make autonomous choices and decisions regarding what they want to do with their body. Pro-life augments based on human reason: The reason why the bible does not speak directly about Abortion is because it was an unthinkable malady in the Israelite culture. Secondly, the bible views children as a gift from God and as such, life begins during conception and should thus be protected including the fetus. Secondly, Christians believe that God is in control of the womb and finally bareness is a bad omen. Apart from the biblical point of view on abortion, there are other arguments that are provided for non-believers. They include researched pro-life arguments whereby studies have been undertaken in medicine. In medicine arguments against abortion arise from the fact that after conception has taken place, this embryo is different genetically from its mother. A growing fetus has a DNA that is different from the mother. An embryo that is developing is scientifically dissimilar from the ova and sperms that created it. There are 46 or 47 chromosomes in a human being whereby a sperm egg is believed to have 23 chromosomes. Since geneticist can easily differentiate embryo’s DNA and that of sperms and ovum. However, there is no clearly distinct difference between the DNA of the fetus and the afterwards fully grown human being. In addition, the idea of defining death and life leads to a medical argument. It is known that death refers to the cessation of the heartbeat of an individual. In the embryo, the heart is formed on the 18th

Business Plan of Dohuk City

Business Plan of Dohuk City Vaheen Hayder Othman Introduction and Background Dohuk governorate is known as mountain resort destination. It has ancient archaeological sites during all four seasons Dohuk has beautiful views which made it to be one of the best tourism sector of Kurdistan. The city is the point of joint between three parts of Kurdistan (Syria- Turkey- Iraq) therefore it has a strategic location (About Duhok Governorate, 2014). This governorate is considered as one of the most significant and important governorates especially in historical and geographical sides. According to (Shingaly, 2013) because of some points like (the rapid pace of urbanization, moving from other cities to Duhok and the increasing migration from rural to urban areas) economic and social problems of population are increased. It needs commercial projects within the city with a clear plan scheme. The random distribution for commercial uses was due to the lack of a clear plan. Several issues rose from changing the Duhok master plan of land use from residential use to commercial . This affected traffic congestions change of the urban pattern and townscape, less contract of shopping and malls. This essay will address strategic action plan plans for developing the economy of the city of Dohuk with adequate developmental programs for the city. Local economic development makes it easy for Counterpart staff and partners to engage in the process of local economic development planning. This will help stakeholder to find common issues and develop a strategy that will fit key market opportunities. Also to identify quick-win projects to generate jobs opportunities, increase local competitiveness and attract more stakeholders to buy-in (Economic Development Economic Development Government of Yukon, 2014).according to (Ministry of Planning, Kurdistan Region, 2014) There are several factors that has affect or prevents the economic development. The first factor is lack of information and transparency. Dohuk’s directorates and main offices must dedicate itself to serve people in a clear way. To achieve this, the ministries should follow data and regulations. It will help local business owners and international investors to make informed decisions that will make economy grow if they have international standards of transparency and accountability. The second issue is inefficient banking system. Any country or city that wants to be successful in business and gain economic development needs a modern banking system. The banking system must be connected to world class financial institutions and build trustful relation with investors and business men/women. The third factor is educational system, which is a very important factor that needs to be taken seriously. Educational system must meet the demands of market economy. It needs to produce the skills and abilities that could help develop economy. Some certain sectors should be given more attention; in addition of English and Arabic language there should be trainings within these sectors to gain more responsive to the market and local development needs. The last factor is not having a good infrastructure. KRG should upgrade basic infrastructure and invest in it as they are one of the important factors to help economic development. The purpose of this economic development plan is to give a better quality of life to the citizens of Dohuk city and attract more people to invest in new businesses. Creating more jobs and developing existing businesses. Mission statement: Dohuk city’s mission is to provide and strengthen the demands of economic market. As the population of the city grows it needs business creation and reducing the rate of unemployment by creating new jobs. Attract foreign companies to invest in the city’s development and retain the companies within the city. Also getting support from KRG to help develop the economy of the city is a major point. If the city can achieve businesses to invest in residential, commercial, industrial and institutional projects, the citizens will be able to enjoy a wide range of various outdoor activities. The mission is to make the city the most desirable place to live in in the region. The mission is to gain economic and social benefits (Tutor2u.net, 2014). Such as improving living standards it can cause capita income rise and reduce in poverty. The accelerator effect of growth on capital investment, rising demand and output encourages investment in capital – this helps to sustain GDP ( Tutor2u.net, 2014). Making the city richer also to have more resources available to spend on public and serving people including environmental benefits. Most important is the Benefits from growth driven by technological change (Tutor2u.net, 2014). Goal Statement: Dohuk city is encircled by mountains along the Tigris River. It has a growing tourist industry because of it beautiful weather and view though out the four seasons. The goal is to make Dohuk the main mountain resort destination. This will help economy development of the city, as well as financial and none financial support can be important point of this development. The other goals Dohuk city should achieve are, good quality of life for the citizen, better income, increasing the GDP, job creations, increasing investment. Economic Condition of Dohuk City and Recommendations for Economic Development: Urban: According to (Mop.krg.org, 2014) the urban population of the Kurdistan Region accounts for 79% of the total population. 41% referees to the three main cities Erbil, Dohuk Sulaymaniyah. But the idea here is that rural structure is suffering from low growth rates mainly in Dohuk and Sulaymaniyah. The population of Dohuk is around 280,40017 inhabitants. They occupies 67.2 square km. The city’s expansion to the west is fast and it is close to connect with the district of Sumel. Dohuk has the capacity to accommodate population growth beyond 2020 because of its vacant land. The plan is to develop the city until 2032. (Mop.krg.org, 2014) suggested these points for economic development of Dohuk city â€Å"†¢ A phasing plan for urban development based on realistic growth projections. †¢ An infrastructure assessment of the existing built up areas to identify gaps in service provision and potential infill capacities. †¢ Two priority investment projects: the urban upgrading of the informal Gejabara area and the urban rehabilitation of the Dohuk city center† Proposed Investment in Regional and Urban Development Planning 2013-2020 Tourism Sector: Tourism is considered as of the fastest and biggest growing industries in the world. It is an attractive option for emerging markets. Dohuk city is still in the process of developing in tourism sector. it needs to resolve the existing problems such as infrastructure and site restoration as well as protection. This can make tourism to be contributor to the economy of the city. It is important to facilitate access for people, for visitors and for trade including roads, airport, rail, waterways. these high quality transportation is considered as significant support for tourism development. Dohuk has many ancient and beautiful archeological sites and artifacts which attract many visitors, historical treasures are found in these governorate including (caves, ruins and other antique yet to be found). Let’s not forget that this city is surrounded with mountains and its variation of weather, wealthy of water makes it the land of agriculture and tourism. Factors that has negative impacts on Dohuk city’s tourism development: Unsuitable roads, electric power, solid waste disposal and telecommunications. Inappropriate facilities for tourists , including accommodations, food service, rest and relaxation settings, tourist information centers, and restrooms that meet tourists’ standards. Problems of land ownership Lack of tourism education including trainings, workshops and tour guides. Security issues, which might not let just anyone from other parts of Iraq to visit the city. Recommendations and plans to develop tourism industry, (Business, 2014) suggests these point to be focused on. Set up adventure tourism program, with skilled and certified peoples in this area, especially in adventure in mountains, rivers and camping. Transportation services, high quality of services for tourists destinations Travel agencies, as they are the first stop for everything involved with tourists they must be up to standers. Accommodations. These include hotels, motels, bed and breakfasts, hostels, rental houses, condos and any other place tourists may stay while travelling Guided tours and tour guides. A guided tour service or professional tour guide is a tourism business that specializes in providing informative and entertaining tours through an areas local attractions (Business, 2014). Hospitality. Marketing tourism business using social networking sites. Set up accounts/pages on free social networking sites, Advertise in print mediums this will help the market tourism of the city. It is also needed for the Dohuk city to have a proper business plan for any sector of tourism, Explains purpose of the business, name, location, personnel needs, tourism business management staff, market sector, competition, marketing plan and financial projections (Business, 2014). Agriculture: agriculture in Dohuk has been affected by poor government policies, conflict, international sanctions and not having technological and educational advances. There are different kind of tenures in this area. The first one is privet ownership, second is land leased by the governmentand the third one is herniated land. This makes the number of owner unmanageable. According to (Mop.krg.org, 2014) factors that have negative influence on agriculture are as following lack of good banking, financial services, and insurance industries unsuitable infrastructure Issues of land tenure Absence of food, safety, and health standards Lack agricultural education, training, and extension Lack of governmental transparency and administrative consistency Public Distribution System (food basket) Bloated bureaucracy Recommendation and Solutions: For land, infrastructure and resources, priority should be given to rational policy allowing for private ownership of agricultural lands. Resolving the issue of ownership fragmentation through legislation. Having a law for those lands should be legally restricted for agricultural use only and also to improve water development policy. Creating employable skills and improving infrastructure, should be undertaken. The city must give attention to improved education and training leading to longer-term private sector employment. Make regular visits or workshop for those who work in agriculture and develop their skills. Formal partnership should be forged between the university schools of agriculture and the Ministry of Agriculture to increase the knowledge and skills of extension personnel. Rural/Urban Migration to rebuild and develop the rural villages. Make their economic condition better. Providing them with necessary infrastructure such as hospitals and schools. Do what is necessary to facilitate return to the villages and farming. (Economics-exposed.com, 2014) suggests there are some stages where all countries should go through for growth. Traditional society, The Pre-conditions for take-off, The Take-off, The Drive to technological maturity and the Age of High Mass Consumption (Economics-exposed.com, 2014). Technology play important role in developing agriculture for those under developed countries to develop. Role of Unemployment and Job creation in economic development of Dohuk City: Rate of unemployment in Dohuk is high because creating business is a demand side theory for the growth of economy. Creating new business have advantages such as exporting goods and bringing money to the community, using available resources as an input in the production process, and community’s originality remains as its. Enterprise development is another beneficial factor for growth because it will provide jobs for citizens, layoff manufacturing workers, welfare to work requirements, and brings new technology to the market. It called second wave strategy of economic development. According (Koven Lyons, 2010) Job creation development tools are considered as following Financing assistance, this refers to the capital for making new business and there are several ways of growth capital such as, small business administration loan programs. Another financial assistance is venture and angel capital are two types of financial assistance venture capitalist is puts together funds of venture which is a large pool of capital that rich people invested, from pension funds, insurance companies, and other organization. Angel capitalist is smaller capital injection than venture capitalist, and it demand a smaller equity share of each business. Nonfinancial assistance to the enterprises. Such as, small business development center, business information center, women’s business center. Business creation which is a development strategy for the economy of a country is also criticized in terms of quality of life and environmental concerns, social cost and redistribution of wealth. For Dohuk city to lower the rate of unemployment, the city must attract new business and facilitate for international companies to open their branch in the city, Encouraging people to make innovation and new ideas, Supporting people with new ideas with financial and nonfinancial issues. This will give chance for more business and less employment as a result. The above sectors are few of many sectors in Dohuk city that helps to develop the economy of the city. By focusing on major points and major boundaries that prevents economic development, resolving these issues and applying the law and policies will make growth of the economy of the city. References Business, H. (2014). How to Develop a Tourism Business. wikiHow. Retrieved 5 May 2014, from http://www.wikihow.com/Develop-a-Tourism-Business Economics-exposed.com,. (2014). Role Of Agriculture In Economic Development | Economics Exposed. Retrieved 5 May 2014, from http://economics-exposed.com/role-of-agriculture-in-economic-development/ Mop.krg.org,. (2014). Ministry of Planning, Kurdistan Region. Retrieved 4 May 2014, from http://www.mop.krg.org/ Mop.krg.org,. (2014). Ministry of Planning, Kurdistan Region. Retrieved 5 May 2014, from http://www.mop.krg.org/index.jsp?sid=1id=275pid=109 Business, H. (2014). How to Develop a Tourism Business. wikiHow. Retrieved 5 May 2014, from http://www.wikihow.com/Develop-a-Tourism-Business Economics-exposed.com,. (2014). Role Of Agriculture In Economic Development | Economics Exposed. Retrieved 5 May 2014, from http://economics-exposed.com/role-of-agriculture-in-economic-development/ Mop.krg.org,. (2014). Ministry of Planning, Kurdistan Region. Retrieved 4 May 2014, from http://www.mop.krg.org/ Mop.krg.org,. (2014). Ministry of Planning, Kurdistan Region. Retrieved 5 May 2014, from http://www.mop.krg.org/index.jsp?sid=1id=275pid=109 Koven, S. Lyons, T. (2010) Economic Development: Strategies for state and local practices. ICMA press: Washington, D.C.

How can the role of leadership be best understood in organizational cha

The role of leadership can best be understood in organizational change as a multi-dimensional phenomenon. Depending on the conceptualisation of organizational change you adopt, the leader’s role could be perceived to be a variety of things, from that of an initiator/visionary, the influencer of culture, a trigger for follower organizational identification, someone who redefines resistance, or a sense maker who introduces new discourses. The most useful approach can be to consider an issue from a number of different theoretical points of view before determining the most effective intervention. Leadership has been conceived of in a multitude of different ways varying from Great man theory (Borgatta, Bales and Couch, 1954; Cawthon, 1996), trait theories (), and style theories (). More recent conceptualisations of leadership include contingency theory (), and transformational leadership (). Each of these theoretical models has a contribution to make in forming a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between leadership and organizational change and we shall explore how adopting a definition for leadership or organizational change infers the role of the other. However we define leadership, the concepts of organizational change and leadership can be argued to be inextricably linked. If a leader was not able to effect any change within an organization then it is hard to imagine a way in which such a leader could be effective in their role. Thus organizational change is at the very heart of a leader’s role. This paper will argue that a pluralist approach to understanding leadership’s role in organizational change possesses the greatest utility in informing practice. In doing so, it will present a number of different concepts ... ...ind of universal sense as in doing so, one ‘mistakes the map for the terrain’. The role of leadership in organizational change is a multi-dimensional phenomenon which, it has been argued in this paper, can be most usefully understood by employing a pluralist perspective. That is to say, ‘a pluralist approach of comparing multiple plausible models of reality is essential for developing objective scientific knowledge’ (Campbell, 1988: 389, in Van de Ven & Poole, 2005). While there are a plethora of lens through which to understand both leadership and change it is more useful to consider a range of perspectives and only then assess the utility of each perspective and it’s appropriateness for informing a real world intervention. In the words of Pettigrew (2001) â€Å"In the absence of unambiguous foundational truth †¦ the only sensible way forward can be conscious pluralism."

Importance and uses of contrastive linguistics Essay

Introduction: Contrastive Linguistics, roughly defined as a subdiscipline of linguistics which is concerned with the comparison of two or more (subsystems of) languages, has long been associated primarily with language teaching. Apart from this applied aspect, however, it also has a strong theoretical purpose, contributing to our understanding of language typology and language universals. The study of two languages in contrast, here called contrastive analysis, has been referred to by a variety of names, not all of which mean the same to all writers. One can find the following terms used: contrastive studies, contrastive language studies, contrastive linguistics, applied contrastive studies, contrastive description and others. contrastive analysis investigates the differences between pairs (or small sets) of languages against the background of similarities and with the purpose of providing input to applied disciplines such as foreign language teaching and translation studies. With its largely desc riptive focus contrastive linguistics provides an interface between theory and application. It makes use of theoretical findings and models of language description but is driven by the objective of applicability. Contrastive studies mostly deal with the comparison of languages that are ‘socio-culturally linked’, i.e. languages whose speech communities overlap in some way, typically through (natural or instructed) bilingualism . Much progress has been made in classifying the languages of the earth into genetic families, each having descent from a single precursor, and in tracing such developments through time. The result is called â€Å"comparative linguistics.† Of even greater importance for the future technology of thought is what might be called â€Å"contrastive linguistics.† This plots the outstanding differences among tongues – in grammar, logic, and general analysis of experience.A major influence on the development of the contrastive analysis approach has been the interest shown in it by language teachers and learners, and much CA has been undertaken with language teaching rather than translation in mind. One can prevent development of errors through a prior contrastive analysis and error analysis, leading to the development of appropriate teaching materials to  reinforce correct language learning. Relevance and uses of contrastive linguistics: The relevance of CL to translation: The emphasis of much of the work on CL on teaching and language learning raises questions about its relevance to translators. At a practical level, it is probably most useful in pointing out areas where direct translation of a term or phrase will not convey accurately in the second language the intended meaning of the first. At a global level, it leads the translator to look at broader issues such as whether the structure of the discourse for a given text-type is the same in both languages. Furthermore, although Contrastive Analysis is widely practised, there are a number of theoretical and practical problems in its application, all of which must affect judgements as to its usefulness in preparing or evaluating translations. There is some overlap between these problems, but they can nevertheless be related to specific difficulties of identifying a common ground for comparison, comparing descriptions of different languages, taking account of psycholinguistic and sociocultural factors, and taking account of extratextual and intertextual factors. Identifying a common ground for comparison All comparisons require that there be a common ground against which variation may be noted, a constant that underlies and makes possible the variables that are identified. Fonnal similarity is unreliable for several reasons. In the first place, a particular grammatical structure in one language may be a requirement while in another it may be one choice amongst several; in the second place, the choice represented by a grammatical structure in one language may have a different significance in that language from the choice represented by an apparently equivalent structure in another language .in the third place, in one language a particular structure may be unmarked while in another it may be marked. A pair of sentences might be semantically and/or pragmatically equivalent but have widely varying likelihoods of occurrence in the languages from which they are drawn. A simple example of all these points is that of the Portuguese expression â€Å"muito obrigado/a and the English expressio n much obliged. These  are syntactically and semantically comparable but have a different likelihood of occurrence, muito obrigado/a being the normal way of thanking in Portuguese and much obliged being a rare and more restricted usage than thanks a lot (and other related expressions) in English. Comparing descriptions of different languages Apart from the real but unavoidable problems arising out of comparisons of descriptions that utilize different linguistic models, there are problems that arise even between descriptions that utilize the same categories and theoretical framework.Understanding between and among disparate cultures has challenged mankind throughout history; and clearly, communication, intercultural communication, is a key element in achieving understanding. We believe a disciplined, linguistic approach to the study of intercultural communication, an approach that includes the building of linguistic corpora, research in contrastive rhetoric, and practical, real life application of the best practices learned, can provide valuable insights toward achieving understanding among cultures The relationship between contrastive analysis and translation The relationship between CL and translation is bidirectional. On the one hand, the translation of specific pieces of text may provide the data for CL On the other, CL may provide explanations of difficulties encountered in translation.The crucial factors here are what size of language sample has been chosen for translation, whether it is naturally occurring or fabricated for the purpose, and whether the translation is the analyst’s own. Though the focus of CL may continue to shift towards pragmatics and discourse analysis, its use in translation is not inevitable. It is however unlikely that it can be dispensed with completely either in the training of translators or in the assessment of translations, even in its more traditional lexico-grammatical manifestations; CL has arisen as a result of the needs of the language teaching profession and this project is no exception in that one of its major objectives is to provide teachers with assistance in the use of parallel concordancing in the classroom.It gives valuable evidence for translators on the transferability of certain collocations and colligations from one language to another. The f uture of CL’s use in translation may well lie in projects such as this, which are capable of providing with equal  facility explanations of past translating decisions and guidance as to prospective ones. As a useful learning tool: Knowledge and understanding of languages is increasingly important, and this course focuses on how such knowledge can be applied. It helps learners know more clearly and finding similarities and differences between them, thereby detecting errors, which bilingual learners often make, and how to fix. This assignment is based on contrastive linguistics. It uses many methods, especially contrastive method and surveys on grammatical aspect of these words. This study uses one-way transfer. We find a lot of two languages’ differences which may be make errors in structure and semantics. It is useful for bilingual learners to find mistakes which they can meet. Contrastive linguistic gives a comparative method to translate a learner’s thinking in an informed way. Giving structure to his/her intuitive relationship to the language. This bilingual approach in cl saves the students’ infinite time and labour. It has been proven that students learn faster and more effectively us ing it.Since it is our nature to compare, Contrastive Linguistics is the technique that clarifies our understanding of the language. For learners, similarities between languages cause no difficulties, while differences cause interference to learning. Through Contrastive Linguistics we can target and resolve the typical difficulties and Common Mistakes of our students. We can examine aspects that would not normally be noticed without such comparison. Bi-lingual comparative courses overlap in fruitful collaboration with other approaches. They clear away students’ deep-rooted mistakes and empower teachers with the answers to many of their students’ doubts. In Language Teaching: The change that has to take place in the language behavior of a foreign language student can be equated with the differences between the structure of the student’s native language and culture and that of the target language and culture. The task of the linguist is to identify these differences. The task of the writer of a foreign language teaching program is to develop materials which will be based on a statement of these differences; the task of the foreign language teacher is to be aware of these differences and to be prepared to teach them; the task of the student is to learn them. Importance of CL due to growing demand: There is a growing demand from both public and private sectors for professionals combining excellent language skills and sound linguistic theory and methodology. You study linguistic theory, description and methodology with a particular focus on corpus approaches and a strong multilingual component with high relevance for language professionals, especially in the field of foreign/second language learning, teaching (and testing), linguistics focusing on usage-based models and methods in language research and their applications, especially in multilingual contexts. It help students acquire the ability to read, write, speak, and understand world languages reach maximum capability with respect to communications, effective reasoning, and analytical thinking; to educate students for living and working in a competitive global society.. As the field of linguistics became more accepted as a discipline, other scholars from different fields began to incorporate language-related topics into thei r work. Contrative Linguistics found its way into sociology, anthropology, language arts, foreign language learning and teaching. It helps the translators to analyse the basic meaning and gist of the second language giving them an edge in interpretation jobs .